It’s widely accepted among the vast majority of dog training experts that the most effective and humane way to train your puppy is through a process called positive reinforcement training. This is a fancy phrase for what’s essentially a very simple theory. Using positive reinforcement entails rewarding the behavior that you wish to see repeated, and ignoring the behavior that you don’t.
This method is in direct contrast to some of the now-outdated but once-popular techniques for dog training, some of which were, frankly, abhorrent: physical pain and intimidation (such as hanging an aggressive dog up by her collar), or inhumane methods of aversion therapy (such as shock collars for barking).
Positive reinforcement works best with your puppy. Her natural instinct is to please you. The theory of positive reinforcement recognizes that lessons are more meaningful, and tend to “stick” more, when a pup is able to figure out what you’re asking on her own (as opposed to, say, learning “down” by being forced repeatedly into a prone position, while the word “down” is repeated at intervals). When you use positive reinforcement training, you’re allowing her the time and the opportunity to use her own brain.
Some ways for you to facilitate the training process:
Use meaningful rewards. Most puppies get bored pretty quickly with a routine pat on the head and a “good girl”. In fact, most dogs don’t even like being patted on the head. Watch their expressions and notice how most will balk or shy away when a hand descends towards their head.
To keep the quality of your pup’s learning at a high standard, use tempting incentives for good behavior. Food treats and physical affection are what dog trainers refer to as “primary incentives” – in other words, they’re both significant rewards to which most dogs respond powerfully and reliably.
Use the right timing. When your puppy obeys a command, you must mark the behavior that you’re going to reward so that, when she gets that treat in her mouth, she understands exactly what behavior it was that earned her the reward. Some people use a clicker for this: a small metal sound-making device, which emits a distinct “click” when pressed. The clicker is clicked at the exact moment that a dog performs the desired behavior (so, if asking her to sit, you’d click the clicker just as her bottom hits the ground).
You can also use your voice to mark desired behavior: just saying “Yes!” in a happy, excited tone of voice will work perfectly. Make sure that you give her the treat after the marker – and remember to use the marker consistently. If you only say “Yes!” or use the clicker sometimes, it won’t have any significance to your puppy when you do it. Sshe needs the opportunity to learn what that marker means (i.e., that she’s done something right whenever she hears the marker, and a treat will be received very shortly). So be consistent with your marker.
Be consistent with your training commands as well. When you’re teaching a puppy a command, you must
decide ahead of time on the verbal cue you’re going to be giving her, and then stick to it. So, when training your pup to not jump up on you, you wouldn’t ask her to “get off”, “get down”, and “stop jumping”, because that would just confuse her. Pick one phrase, such as “No jump”, and stick with it. Even the smartest dogs don’t understand English! They need to learn, through consistent repetition, the actions associated with a particular phrase.
How to reward your puppy meaningfully:
All dogs have their favorite treats and preferred demonstrations of physical affection. Some dogs will do backflips for a dried liver snippet; other dogs just aren’t ‘chow hounds’ (big eaters) and prefer to be rewarded through a game with a cherished toy, or through some physical affection from you. You’ll probably already have a fair idea of how much she enjoys being touched and played with – each has a distinct level of energy and demonstrativeness, just like humans do.
The best ways to stroke your puppy:
Most dogs really like having the base of the tail (the lowest part of their back, just before the tail starts) scratched gently; having their chests rubbed or scratched (right between the forelegs) is usually a winner, too. You can also target the ears: gently rub the ear flap between your thumb and finger, or scratch gently at the base.
As far as food is concerned, it’s not hard to figure out what your puppy likes: just experiment with different food treats until you find one that she really goes nuts for. When it comes to food, trainers have noted an interesting thing: they actually respond most reliably to training commands when they receive treats sporadically, instead of predictably. Intermittent treating seems to keep dogs on their toes, and more interested in what might be on offer. It also prevents them from growing tired of the particular food reward, and from making a conscious decision to forego a treat.
How to correct your puppy meaningfully:
The great thing about positive reinforcement training is that it doesn’t require you to do anything that might go against the grain. You won’t be called upon to put any complex, weighty correctional theories into practice, or be required to undertake any harsh punitive measures. When it comes to positive reinforcement training, all you have to do is ignore the behavior that you don’t wish to see repeated. Not getting any attention (because you’re deliberately ignoring her) is enough to make just about any puppy pretty miserable, and thus is a powerful correctional tool.
Contemporary belief in dog training states that we should simply ignore incorrect responses to a training command – that, with no reinforcement from us (yes, even negative attention, like verbal corrections, counts as reinforcement. To some pooches, negative attention is better than no attention at all; she will stop the behavior of her own accord. The bigger the fuss you make over her when she does get it right, the clearer the connection will be between a particular behavior eliciting no response at all, but other behaviors (the right response) eliciting massive amounts of positive attention from you.
Recommended Reading:
Hopefully this has given you a basic insight into the more effective approaches and techniques to use when training your puppy. However, the subject remains pretty complex, and it’s a good idea to learn as much about effective training techniques as possible.
One excellent resource for training dogs of all ages is Secrets to Dog Training: the ultimate training and knowledge database for dog owners. With a focus on preventing and dealing with problem behaviors, as well as obedience work and ‘tricks’, Secrets to Dog Training covers a vast variety of topics in minute detail. I’m sure you will find it to be a valuable reference.
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